Early life. 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [O.S. Alexander I, Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich, (born December 23 [December 12, Old Style], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russia—died December 1 [November 19], 1825, Taganrog), emperor of Russia (1801–25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (1813–15) helped form the coalition that defeated the emperor of the French. Alexander I of Russia, also known as Alexander the Blessed was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and the first Russian King of Poland from 1815 to 1825. According to another point of view, the term Tsardom, which was used after the coronation of Ivan IV in 1547, was already a contemporary Russian word for empire. The plotters had let him in on the secret, assuring him they would not kill his father but would only demand his abdication. The suddenness and mysteriousness of his death, as well as the memory of those tragic events that brought him to power in 1801, resulted in a persistent folk legend according to which Alexander did not die, but went to live in seclusion as a hermit monk, no longer able to endure the sin of patricide. He was also … Some sources allege that she created the plan to remove Paul from succession altogether. Over the course of a number of diplomatic congresses, victorious Russia played an impressive role in determining the political restructuring of post-Napoleonic Europe. Tsars Alexander I (1801–25) and Nicholas I (1825–55) reveled in Russia’s enhanced status, but both seemed to sense that political and social changes would be necessary to retain that status. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He was the eldest son of Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.Alexander was the first king of Congress Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as … Alexander’s education was not continued after he was 16, when his grandmother married him to Princess Louise of Baden-Durlach, who was 14, in 1793. Russian Titles and Patronymics. Alexander greatest achievement was his victory over Napoleon, who had attacked Russia in 1812, and marched with his Grande Armée from France to Moscow, but was then expelled from Russia and later defeated by a coalition of allies, Russia among them. We can help you make the right choice from hundreds of St. Petersburg hotels and hostels. 19 November] 1825, or possibly 1864 ), reigned as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825. Alexander received an excellent education: when selecting his tutors, the Empress Catherine consulted with the best minds of the time, in particular with the French Enlightenment philosopher Denis Diderot. 24.3.2: Territorial Gains Under Alexander I. Tsar Alexander I, one of the most brilliant diplomats of his time, focused his foreign affairs on the Napoleonic Wars and the expansion of Russian territory. Alexander became tsar the next day. The eldest son of Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, later Emperor Paul I, Alexander was born in St. Petersburg on December 12, 1777. Exact given to the Senate. He wanted his reign to be a happy one and dreamed of great and necessary reforms. A friend and disciple of the philosophers of the French Enlightenment, Catherine invited Denis Diderot, the encyclopaedist, to become Alexander’s private tutor. Russian Orthodox. Nicknamed the Russian Sphinx because of his restrained nature and outward aloofness, Alexander suffered under the weight of the crime of patricide, in which he was tangentially involved, for virtually his entire adult life. Besides being the Russian Czar, he became the King of Poland after post-war borderlines were established. Copyright © 2001-2021 ZAO "SAINT-PETERSBURG.COM". Alexander I, son of Paul I, became Tsar of Russia in 1801. Though the Empire was not officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I until after the Treaty of Nystad (1721), some historians argue that it originated when Ivan III of Russia conquered Veliky Novgorod in 1478. Alexander succeeded to the throne after his father was murdered, and ruled Russia during the chaotic period of the Napoleonic Wars. She was determined to disinherit her own son, Pavel, who repelled her by his instability. Catherine prepared her grandson to become heir to the throne, and planned to transfer power directly to him, bypassing his father, her estranged son, Paul. Alexander was born on 23 December 1777 in Saint Petersburg, and he and his younger … Corrections? Writer, translator, book reviewer, and historian. Alexander I probably would say that Napoleon betrayed the ideals of the French Revolution greatly. It prevented modernization of the country, which was at least a century behind the rest of Europe. He … We can find you a suitable interpreter for your negotiations, research or other needs. After all, it was under Alexander’s leadership that Russia defeated Napoleon’s army, crushed the French empire, and even occupied Paris. When Napoleon broke the treaty by invading Russia in 1812, Alexander pursued the French back to Paris. Because of his unstable personality, he would become intoxicated by the notion of grand projects, while balking at carrying them out. Paul I’s reign was a dark period for Russia. Alexander and his close advisers corrected many of the injustices of the preceding reign and made many administrative improvements. He was a reformer but also a defender of the traditional laws and customs of Russia. Alexander reformed the state administration, creating in 1801 a system of ministries under the direction of a Cabinet of Ministers, and established a legislative advisory body, the State Council, in 1810. With four friends, who were of noble families but motivated by liberal ideas—Prince Adam Czartoryski, Count Pavel Stroganov, Count Viktor Kochubey, and Nikolay Novosiltsev—he formed the Private Committee (Neglasny Komitet). Nevertheless, despite the humanitarian ideas inculcated in him by La Harpe and despite his own wish to make his people happy, Alexander lacked the energy necessary to carry out the most urgent reform, the abolition of serfdom. Alexander I ( Russian: Александр Павлович, Aleksandr Pavlovich; 23 December [ O.S. Credit – Wikipedia. During his trip he himself caught a cold which developed into typhus from which he died in the southern city of Taganrog on 19 November (O.S. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Alexander was the first king of Congress Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland, reigning from 1809 to 1825.On 1st December 1825 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia died suddenly in Taganrog. Alexander I (Russian: Александр Павлович, Aleksandr Pavlovich; 23 December [O.S. Also the king of Poland and the grand duke of Finland. 19 November] 1825 [lower-alpha 1] [1]) was the Emperor of Russia (Tsar) between 1801 and 1825. (1777-1825), Russian Tsar 1801-1825 Alexander I was born in St. Petersburg on 23 December, 1777 and died at Taganrog on 1 December, 1825. Born: St. Petersburg, 12 (23) December 1777Died: Taganrog, 19 November (1 December) 1825Reigned: 1801-1825. He was the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. Russia 1796-1917 Russian Revolution, Civil War and USSR 1917-1991 Russia 1991 to the present The precocious marriage had been arranged to guarantee descendants to the Romanov dynasty, and it was unhappy from the beginning. Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia) Empress of Russia as the wife of Emperor Nicholas I ( (r. 1825 – 1855)). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Moreover, he was a visionary who could not transform his dreams into reality. Updates? But by the end of his life, Alexander … Alexander was buried in the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Wikipedia. He was handsome – he had the classic profile of his grandmother – […] Alexander, who knew of it, did not dare to disclose the manifesto, and Pavel became emperor. Under the leadership of Mikhail Speransky, Russian legislation was systemized and the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire compiled. From time to time, they actually contemplated a wide range of reforms and they even implemented a” ― Abraham Ascher, Russia: A Short History Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He was handsome, strong, pleasant, humane, and full of enthusiasm. Signature. The eldest of the ten children of Paul I, Emperor of All Russia and his second wife Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg (Empress Maria Feodorovna), Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia (Alexander Pavlovich) was born in St. Petersburg, Russia on December 23, 1777. [citation needed] In the autumn of 1825 the Emperor undertook a voyage to the south of Russia due to the increasing illness of his wife. In the first years of his reign the liberalism of his Swiss tutor, Frédéric César de La Harpe, seemed to influence Alexander. Alexander was brought up during the Enlightenment period of the late 18th century. He was born in Saint Petersburg to Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, later Emperor Paul I, and Maria Feodorovna, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. Alexander I was the Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first King of Congress Poland from 1815, and the Grand Duke of Finland from 1809 to his death. Omissions? Alexander received his military training there under the direction of a tough and rigid officer, Aleksey Arakcheyev, who was faithfully attached to him and whom Alexander loved throughout his life. The sweet and charming girl who became Yelisaveta Alekseyevna was loved by everyone except her husband. He took part in the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), drove for the establishment of the Holy Alliance (1815), and took part in the conferences that followed. 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [ O.S. Serfdom was a continuing burden on the Russians. Navigate St. Petersburg’s dining scene and find restaurants to remember. 19 November] 1825) reigned as Emperor of Russia … 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [O.S. The monarch’s tyrannical and bizarre behaviour led to a plot against him by certain nobles and military men, and he was assassinated during the night of March 23 (March 11, Old Style), 1801. He arrived in Paris in full-dress uniform on a white stallion, and remained until the French monarch was restored. Officially, Alexander I died of typhus aged 47 on December 1, 1825, but evidence suggests he faked his demise and lived as a holy man. Alexander I, Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich, (born December 23 [December 12, Old Style], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russia—died December 1 [November 19], 1825, Taganrog), emperor of Russia (1801–25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (1813–15) helped form the coalition that defeated the emperor of the French. He inspired deep affection in his pupil and permanently shaped his flexible and open mind. Finally, the “Western” theoretical education of Alexander and his young friends had not prepared them for gaining a clear vision of the realities of Russian life. Alexander I, 1777–1825, czar of Russia (1801–25), son of Paul I (in whose murder he may have taken an indirect part). After the darkness into which Paul had plunged Russia, Alexander appeared to his subjects as a radiant dawn. The institution of serfdom was, in the tsar’s own words, “a degradation” that kept Russia in a disastrously backward state. Aleksander I Pavlovich | Alexander I of Russia/Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington (2) Aleksander I Pavlovich | Alexander I of Russia/Klemens von Metternich (2) Michel Ney/Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington (2) Georges Jacques Danton/Camille Desmoulins (1) Exclude Additional Tags Their principal achievement was the initiation of a vast plan for public education, which involved the formation of many schools of different types, institutions for training teachers, and the founding of three new universities. Grand Duke Alexander, the oldest son of Pavel I and his wife Maria Fyodorovna, and heir to the throne, remains one of the most enigmatic figures in the Romanov Dynasty. The emperor of Russia from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881. He was also the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland and Lithuania. Catherine had already written the manifesto that deprived her son of his rights and designated her grandson as the heir to the throne, when she died suddenly on November 17 (November 6, Old Style), 1796. "History of Russia in 100 Minutes" is a crash course for beginners. He said that the burning of Moscow had “illuminated his soul.”. He was the son of Paul I and Sophie of Württemberg (Maria Feodorovna), and the grandson of Catherine II. Alexander II: The Tsar of Russia from March 2, 1855, until his assassination in 1881. His grandmother, the reigning Empress Catherine II (the Great), took him from his parents and raised him herself to prepare him to succeed her. Even when this elder brother first showed symptoms of delicate health, the notion that he might die young was never seriously entertained; Nicholas was betrothed to the charming princess Dagmar of Denmark. Get our help and advice choosing services and options to plan a prefect train journey. Czar Alexander I of Russia became "the man who defeated Napoleon." There, Pavel had created a ridiculous little kingdom where he devoted himself to military exercises and parades. )/ 1 December 1825. Wikipedia. The Empress saw in her grandson the future ideal monarch and an heir to continue her many programs and plans. Soon after his birth on December 23, 1777, Alexander was taken from his father, Paul I of Russia, by his grandmother, Catherine the Great, who utterly disliked Paul and did not want him to have any influence on the future emperor. Nicholas II of Russia. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Both sides tried to use Alexander for their own purposes and he was torn emotionally between his grandmothe… At the Congress of Vienna (1814- … Nicknamed the Russian Sphinx because of his restrained nature and outward aloofness, Alexander suffered under the weight of the crime of patricide, in which he was tangentially involved, for virtually his entire adult life. Plans were drafted for the phased abolition of serfdom, but were not actually implemented, and only the Law on Free Cultivators was published, which allowed the nobles to voluntarily liberate their serfs and grant them land. Introduction by the Tzar Alexander I. December 9, 1804 Regulation on Settlement of Jews. Coat of Arms of Alexander I, Nicholas I and Alexander II of Russia (Orden of the Golden Fleece).svg 604 × 1,024; 4.57 MB Imperial Monogram of Tsar Alexander I of Russia.svg 231 × 340; 1.62 MB Portrait of czar Alexander I of Russia (verso fragment of Two cows, Hippert & Linnig 173) PK-P-130.859.jpg 504 × 630; 164 KB Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-I-emperor-of-Russia, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Alexander I, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Alexander I, Alexander I - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Alexander I - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Author of. All rights reserved. Ascending the throne, Alexander's first manifesto promised that he would govern the country according to the principles of his grandmother, Catherine the Great. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Aleksandr Pavlovich was the first child of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich (later Paul I) and Grand Duchess Maria Fyodorovna, a princess of Württemberg-Montbéliard. Tsar Alexander I became increasingly suspicious of those around him, especially after an attempt was made to kidnap him when he was on his way to the conference in Aachen, Germany. The culmination of the reign of Alexander I: Marshal Marmont hands over the keys of Paris to the Russian Emperor. In 1825, Alexander died unexpectedly, far from home during a voyage through south Russia in the city of Taganrog. Alexander I was born in Saint Petersburg to the royal family of Emperor Paul I, and Maria Fyodorovna (Sophie Dorothea), daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. His wife died a few months later a… He was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 and the first Russian King of Poland from 1815 to 1825. Need tickets for the Mariinsky, the Hermitage, a football game or any event? But to liberate the serfs, who composed three-quarters of the population, would arouse the hostility of their noble masters, who did not want to lose the slaves on whom their wealth and comfort depended. Under these circumstances, the greatest solicitude was d…

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