More describes him as "little of stature, ill-featured of limbs, crook-backed ... hard-favoured of visage". [224] The most important late 19th-century biographer of the king was James Gairdner, who also wrote the entry on Richard in the Dictionary of National Biography. Facial reconstruction of King Richard III is unveiled by the Richard III Society on February 5, 2013 in London, England. Der Duke fiel gemeinsam mit seinem Sohn Edmund in der Schlacht von Wakefield, einem Schauplatz der sogenannten Rosenkriege eine Auseinandersetzung zwischen den Häusern York, zu welchem Richard gehörte, und Lancaster. He also argued that any physical abnormality was probably no more than a minor distortion of the shoulders. [20][21], Following a decisive Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury, Richard married Anne Neville on 12 July 1472. There is no real evidence for his having been hunchbacked, as has been popularly believed for centuries. He gained the forfeited lands of the Lancastrian John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, in East Anglia. Mit diesen Worten (aus dem Englischen übersetzt von August Wilhelm... Literatur. However, there were numerous perimortem wounds on the body, and part of the skull had been sliced off with a bladed weapon;[208] this would have caused rapid death. Professor of Medieval History, University of Winchester, England. [95], After having Rivers arrested, Richard and Buckingham moved to Stony Stratford, where Richard informed Edward V of a plot aimed at denying him his role as protector and whose perpetrators had been dealt with. He reigned from 1483 until 1485, as the last king from the House of Plantagenet. A great future on the borders apparently beckoned, but he became king of England instead. [225] Gairdner stated that he had begun to study Richard with a neutral viewpoint, but became convinced that Shakespeare and More were essentially correct in their view of the king, despite some exaggerations. [24] Richard's marriage plans brought him into conflict with his brother George. Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1483 until his death in 1485. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Churchill implies he improved the law of trusts. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. After his wife's death, Richard commenced negotiations with John II of Portugal to marry John's pious sister, Joanna, Princess of Portugal. Hence, it was he who gained the most from the forfeitures of the losers, principally in eastern England. He urged the parties, though, to settle out of court in order to "avoid embarking on the Wars of the Roses, Part Two". [5] In 1459, his father and the Yorkists were forced to flee England, whereupon Richard and his older brother George were placed in the custody of their aunt Anne Neville, Duchess of Buckingham, and possibly of Cardinal Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury. [239], Marjorie Bowen's 1929 novel Dickon set the trend for pro-Ricardian literature. Richard III of England was a famous King of England, who was born on October 2, 1452. Richard was slain, making him the last English king to die in battle. Edward appointed him the sole Commissioner of Array for the Western Counties in 1464 when he was 11. by National Portrait Gallery (CC BY-NC-ND) Richard II of England reigned as king from 1377 to 1399 CE. He led the largest company in his brother Edward’s abortive invasion of France in 1475 and was the chief mourner for his father and brother Edmund, both slain in 1460, at their ceremonial reinterment at Fotheringhay College in 1476. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. [102] Hastings was not attainted and Richard sealed an indenture that placed Hastings' widow, Katherine, directly under his own protection. [113] Still feeling a strong bond with his northern estates, Richard later planned the establishment of a large chantry chapel in York Minster with over 100 priests. The search for Richard III was led by Philippa Langley of the Society's Looking For Richard Project with the archaeological work led by University of Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS). [189], Richard's death at Bosworth resulted in the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, which had ruled England since the succession of Henry II in 1154. [34] In Richard's case, there would have been first-degree consanguinity if Richard had sought to marry Isabel (in case of widowhood) after she had married his brother George, but no such consanguinity applied for Anne and Richard. Katherine was old enough to be wedded in 1484, when the age of consent was twelve, and John was knighted in September 1483 in York Minster, and so most historians agree that they were both fathered when Richard was a teenager. [94], Edward V himself had been sent further south to Stony Stratford. Modern historians recognise the damage done to his reputation by historians of the following Tudor reigns and particularly by William Shakespeare. [111] Other culprits have been suggested, including Buckingham and even Henry VII, although Richard remains a suspect. [240] Particularly influential was The Daughter of Time (1951) by Josephine Tey, in which a modern detective concludes that Richard III is innocent in the death of the Princes. [222], Despite this, the image of Richard as a ruthless power-grabber remained dominant in the 18th and 19th centuries. [167] This has led to a suggestion by the historian A. L. Rowse that Richard "had no interest in sex". They departed Flushing for England on 11 March 1471. [272][273][274], British historian John Ashdown-Hill had used genealogical research in 2004 to trace matrilineal descendants of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, Richard's elder sister. The mayor of Leicester announced that the king's skeleton would be re-interred at Leicester Cathedral in early 2014, but a judicial review of that decision delayed the reinterment for a year. This would be the power base for Richard as king. Richard III (Richard of York, Duke of Gloucester; 2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death at the Battle of Bosworth Field. [157], According to another tradition, Richard consulted a seer in Leicester before the battle who foretold that "where your spur should strike on the ride into battle, your head shall be broken on the return". This biography of Richard III provides detailed information about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline Other positions followed: High Sheriff of Cumberland for life, Lieutenant of the North and Commander-in-Chief against the Scots and hereditary Warden of the West March. This setback was reversed by York’s eldest son, Edward, who decisively defeated the Lancastrians in February 1461; he assumed the title King Edward IV on March 4, 1461, and his coronation took place on June 28. He may have been executed in 1499, though no record of this exists beyond an assertion by George Buck over a century later. Dictionary of contemporary English. [196][197] His bond to the City of York, in particular, was such that on hearing of Richard's demise at the battle of Bosworth the City Council officially deplored the king's death, at the risk of facing the victor's wrath. This could be the result of covert illegitimacy that does not reflect the accepted genealogies between Richard and Edward III or between Edward III and the 5th Duke of Beaufort. In 1478 Richard’s acquiescence in—or perhaps positive approval of—charges of treason against his brother George permitted George’s execution, from which Richard was the principal beneficiary. The king failed to arrive to lead the English army and the result was intermittent skirmishing until early 1482. He and his other brother, George, now duke of Clarence and also a child, resided together in a tower at Greenwich Palace in Kent. Richard III and Leicester . However, this settlement, the Act of Accord, was resisted, and York was killed attempting to enforce it at Wakefield (now West Yorkshire) on December 30, 1460. The Latin-language drama Richardus Tertius (first known performance in 1580) by Thomas Legge is believed to be the first history play written in England. According to Thomas More, Hastings was taken out of the council chambers and summarily executed in the courtyard, while others, like Lord Thomas Stanley and John Morton, Bishop of Ely, were arrested. It sits on a low plinth made of dark Kilkenny marble, incised with Richard's name, dates and motto (Loyaulte me lie – loyalty binds me). [165][166] There is no evidence of infidelity on Richard's part after his marriage to Anne Neville in 1472 when he was around 20. Two other plays of the Elizabethan era predated Shakespeare's work. "[220][221], Religiously Richard was a practicing Catholic, as shown by his personal Book of Hours, surviving in the Lambeth Palace library, As well as conventional aristocratic devotional texts, the book also contains a Collect of Saint Ninian, referencing a saint popular in the Anglo-Scottish Borders. Joining her were her son by her first marriage, Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset; her five daughters; and her youngest son, Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. Richard III was defeated in battle by Henry Tudor, marking the end of the Plantagenet dynasty and the beginning of Tudor rule, which lasted until Queen Elizabeth I died childless in … People born on October 2 fall under the Zodiac sign of Libra, the Scales. [9] With some interruptions, Richard stayed at Middleham either from late 1461 until early 1465, when he was 12[10] or from 1465 until his coming of age in 1468, when he turned 16. Young Richard was, therefore, supremely wellborn and well-connected; but, as the youngest son, he was of so little account that a verse genealogy of the family merely recorded that he “liveth yet.” Three brothers—Edward, 3rd earl of March; Edmund, earl of Rutland (died 1460); and George, 1st duke of Clarence (after 1461)—reached maturity. Dr Jo Appleby, the osteo-archaeologist who excavated the skeleton, concurred and described the latter as "a mortal battlefield wound in the back of the skull". On 1 November 1461, Richard gained the title of Duke of Gloucester; in late 1461, he was invested as a Knight of the Garter. [106] On 22 June, a sermon was preached outside Old St. Paul's Cathedral declaring Edward IV's children bastards and Richard the rightful king. These restrictions are independent of the copyright status. [114] He also founded the College of Arms. [37] Early in 1474, Parliament assembled and Edward attempted to reconcile his brothers by stating that both men, and their wives, would enjoy the Warwick inheritance just as if the Countess of Warwick "was naturally dead". [61], Once Edward had regained the support of his brother George, he mounted a swift and decisive campaign to regain the crown through combat;[62] it is believed that Richard was his principal lieutenant[24] as some of the king's earliest support came from members of Richard's affinity, including Sir James Harrington[63] and Sir William Parr, who brought 600 men-at-arms to them at Doncaster. Facial reconstruction of King Richard III is unveiled by the Richard III Society on February 5, 2013 in London, England. Forensic pathologist Dr Stuart Hamilton stated that this injury would have left the individual's brain visible, and most certainly would have been the cause of death. haben ihre letzte Reise angetreten. After the Second Battle of St. Albans in February 1461, his mother sent him with his brother George for safety to Utrecht. He was the last king from the House of York, and his defeat ended the Wars of the Roses. Jump to navigationJump to search. [6] Following the discoveries of Richard's remains in 2012, it was decided that they should be reburied at Leicester Cathedral,[303] despite feelings in some quarters that he should have been reburied in York Minster. [127] He was convicted of treason and beheaded in Salisbury,[128] near the Bull's Head Inn, on 2 November. Ben Jonson is also known to have written a play Richard Crookback in 1602, but it was never published and nothing is known about its portrayal of the king. "[235] The Richard III Society, founded in 1924 as "The Fellowship of the White Boar", is the oldest of several groups dedicated to improving his reputation. [57] Warwick's arrest of local sympathisers prevented them from landing in Yorkist East Anglia and on 14 March, after being separated in a storm, their ships ran ashore at Holderness. [70], At least in part resentful of King Louis XI's previous support of his Lancastrian opponents, and possibly in support of his brother-in-law Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Edward went to parliament in October 1472 for funding a military campaign,[71] and eventually landed in Calais on 4 July 1475. [294], On 5 February 2013 Professor Caroline Wilkinson of the University of Dundee conducted a facial reconstruction of Richard III, commissioned by the Richard III Society, based on 3D mappings of his skull. He married the Yorkist heiress Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter and Richard III's niece. Finden Sie perfekte Stock-Fotos zum Thema Richard Iii Of England sowie redaktionelle Newsbilder von Getty Images. For the play by Shakespeare, see, "Richard of Gloucester" redirects here. This biography of Richard III provides detailed information about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline Buck attacked the "improbable imputations and strange and spiteful scandals" related by Tudor writers, including Richard's alleged deformities and murders. Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1483 until his death in 1485. Katherine married William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, in 1484. They were taken to Pontefract Castle, where they were executed on 25 June on the charge of treason against the Lord Protector after appearing before a tribunal led by Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. [42], Richard was granted the Duchy of Gloucester on 1 November 1461,[43] and on 12 August the next year was awarded large estates in northern England, including the lordships of Richmond in Yorkshire, and Pembroke in Wales. Polydore Vergil, Henry VII's official historian, recorded that "King Richard, alone, was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies". [307] The tombstone is deeply incised with a cross, and consists of a rectangular block of white Swaledale fossil stone, quarried in North Yorkshire. Like most men, he was conditioned by the standards of his age. It was not only the earldom that was at stake; Richard Neville had inherited it as a result of his marriage to Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick. [254][255][256], On 24 August 2012, the University of Leicester and Leicester City Council, in association with the Richard III Society, announced that they had joined forces to begin a search for the remains of King Richard. His body was stunted and distorted, with one shoulder higher than the other, and he was "slight in body and weak in strength". Both portray him as a man motivated by personal ambition, who uses everyone around him to get his way. [39] The following year, Richard was rewarded with all the Neville lands in the north of England, at the expense of Anne's cousin, George Neville, 1st Duke of Bedford. The real beginning of Richard’s adult life occurred in 1471, when he was 18 years old. Richard was the last Plantagenet King of England. [47] It is possible that the grant of Middleham seconded Richard's personal wishes. ", "Richard III: King's reburial row goes to judicial review", "English Debate What To Do With Richard III's Remains", "Richard III: Facial reconstruction shows king's features", "Dundee experts reconstruct face of Richard III 528 years after his death", "Genomes of Richard III and his proven relative to be sequenced", "New skull artwork of King Richard III to go on display", "Striking skull portraits of King Richard III", "Richard III's DNA throws up infidelity surprise", "Richard III DNA study raises doubts about royal claims of centuries of British monarchs, researchers say", "Richard III: Leicester welcomes king's remains", "York Minster says Richard III should be buried in Leicester", "Richard III: Leicester Cathedral reburial service for king", "Richard III's remains sealed inside coffin at Leicester University", "A tomb fit for a king has been designed for Richard III", "Cathedral criticised for being 'out of touch' over King Richard III's resting place", "Richard III: Stone slab to mark final resting place of king, says Leicester Cathedral", "Richard III: Give king tomb, not slab, says online poll", "Richard III will be buried in a raised tomb not slab, says Leicester Cathedral", "Richard III: More than 5,000 people visit Leicester Cathedral coffin", "King Richard III's reinterment carries pomp and grandeur of state funeral", "Boar mount belonging to Richard III detected", "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family", "Diriment Impediments, Dispensations and Divorce: Richard III and Matrimony", "Stafford, Henry, second duke of Buckingham", "Hastings, William, first Baron Hastings", "Josephine Tey and Others: The Case of Richard III", "Identification of the remains of King Richard III", "Richard III and the Origins of the Court of Requests", "Edward [Edward of Middleham], prince of Wales", "The Plantagenet in the Parish: The Burial of Richard III's Daughter in Medieval London", "The Seize Quartiers of the Kings and Queens of England", "The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of 'the Holy Princess, The Richard III Society, American Branch website, Information about the discovery of Richard III, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_III_of_England&oldid=1015956728, English military personnel killed in action, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2018, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2019, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 April 2021, at 15:44. [159][160] He was created Earl of Salisbury on 15 February 1478,[161] and Prince of Wales on 24 August 1483, and died in March 1484, less than two months after he had been formally declared heir apparent. Beide Häuser stammten aus dem Hause Plantagenet und leiteten deshalb jeweils Ansprüche auf den englischen Thron ab. [215][216] With regard to the "hunch", the second quarto edition of Richard III (1598) used the term "hunched-backed" but in the First Folio edition (1623) it became "bunch-backed". The Neville lands centred on Middleham in Richmondshire (now North Yorkshire), Barnard Castle in the county palatine of Durham, and Penrith in Cumbria. "[208] The Tudor characterisation culminated in the famous fictional portrayal of him in Shakespeare's play Richard III as a physically deformed, Machiavellian villain, ruthlessly committing numerous murders in order to claw his way to power;[209] Shakespeare's intention perhaps being to use Richard III as a vehicle for creating his own Marlowesque protagonist. Richard visited Pontefract from 1471, in April and October 1473, and in early March 1474, for a week. [45] On 18 May 1471, Richard was named Great Chamberlain and Lord High Admiral of England. Other contemporary historians still describe him as a "power-hungry and ruthless politician" who was still most probably "ultimately responsible for the murder of his nephews. of their marriage being declared null and void by the Church) and then legally remarried to each other, and also protected Richard's rights while waiting for such a valid second marriage with Anne. [149] Henry Tudor succeeded Richard as King Henry VII. [245] In the mystery novel The Murders of Richard III by Elizabeth Peters (1974) the central plot revolves around the debate as to whether Richard III was guilty of these and other crimes. [18], During his adolescence, and due to a cause that is unknown, Richard developed a sideways curvature of the spine. [262][263] By comparing fixed points between maps in a historical sequence, the search located the church, where Richard's body had been hastily buried without pomp in 1485, its foundations identifiable beneath a modern-day city centre car park. [313][314], The king's remains in a casket arrived at the Cathedral and went on public display on 23 March 2015. Category:Richard III of England. [194][195] In 1483 the Italian observer Mancini reported that Richard enjoyed a good reputation and that both "his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers". Even in the North in 1482 a man was prosecuted for offences against the Duke of Gloucester, saying he did "nothing but grin at" the city of York. Richard remained loyal and was appointed by Edward as his figurehead in Wales, the real ruling being undertaken by others. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. [212] Rous also attributes the murder of Henry VI to Richard, and claims that he poisoned his own wife. Consequently, Richard’s future at first was decidedly unpromising. In October 1483, an unsuccessful revolt was led by staunch allies of Edward IV and Richard's former ally, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Richard III, the last king of the House of York and the Plantaganet dynasty, ruled England from 1483 to 1485. [129] Richard made overtures to Landais, offering military support for Landais's weak regime under Francis II, Duke of Brittany, in exchange for Henry. [108] He accepted on 26 June and was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 6 July. At the queen's request, Earl Rivers was escorting the young king to London with an armed escort of 2000 men, while Richard and Buckingham's joint escort was 600 men. [33] Michael Hicks has suggested that the terms of the dispensation deliberately understated the degrees of consanguinity between the couple, and the marriage was therefore illegal on the ground of first degree consanguinity following George's marriage to Anne's sister Isabel. [73] Although well known to have publicly been against the eventual treaty signed with Louis XI at Picquigny (and absent from the negotiations, in which one of his rank would have been expected to take a leading role),[74] he acted as Edward's witness when the king instructed his delegates to the French court,[75] and received 'some very fine presents' from Louis on a visit to the French king at Amiens. KING RICHARD III Ay, I thank God, my father, and yourself. Documents which later emerged from the Portuguese royal archives show that after Queen Anne's death, Richard's ambassadors were sent on a formal errand to negotiate a double marriage between Richard and the Portuguese king's sister Joanna,[6] of Lancastrian descent,[228] and between Elizabeth of York and Joanna's cousin Manuel, Duke of Viseu (later King of Portugal). Accounts note that King Richard fought bravely and ably during this manoeuvre, unhorsing Sir John Cheyne, a well-known jousting champion, killing Henry's standard bearer Sir William Brandon and coming within a sword's length of Henry Tudor before being surrounded by Sir William Stanley's men and killed. Richard III, the King of England from 1483 until his death in 1485, was the last king of the Plantagenet dynasty. Many myths persist about the last Plantagenet king, whose remains were discovered beneath a Leicester car park in 2012; three years later he was reburied in Leicester Cathedral. "[98] In Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, he accounts that "little by little all folke withdrew from the Tower, and drew unto Crosbies in Bishops gates Street, where the Protector kept his houshold. [117][118] The conspiracy was nominally led by Richard's former ally, the Duke of Buckingham,[note 5] although it had begun as a Woodville-Beaufort conspiracy (being "well underway" by the time of the Duke's involvement). [104], On 16 June, the dowager queen agreed to hand over the Duke of York to the Archbishop of Canterbury so that he might attend his brother Edward's coronation, still planned for 22 June. This presented a tempting target for onlookers, and the angle of the blow on the pelvis suggests that one of them stabbed Richard's right buttock with substantial force, as the cut extends from the back all the way to the front of the pelvic bone and was most probably an act of humiliation. He usurped the throne of his nephew Edward V in 1483 and perished in defeat to Henry Tudor (thereafter Henry VII) at the Battle of Bosworth Field. [58] The town of Hull refused Edward entry. The anonymous play The True Tragedy of Richard III (c. 1590), performed in the same decade as Shakespeare's work, was probably an influence on Shakespeare. For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Richard III (Richard of York, Duke of Gloucester; 2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was a king of England during the Wars of the Roses, and was the last monarch of the Plantagenet dynasty. On 17 October 1469, he was made Constable of England. Arrive to lead the English army and the last king of the fighting an! Accepted on 26 June and was appointed by Edward as his figurehead in Wales and the of... 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