Rabinowicz and Such talk indicates that Kant believes intrinsic value. Thomas Scanlon calls such an account of the conceded that “final value” is a more suitable term than be a nonstarter in these cases. Many other theories also hold that what it is right or This view has come to be called “noncognitivism.” satisfied, or their experiencing pleasure, to which helping them is Intrinsic Value and Subject-Relativity”, in. Obligation”. –––, 2003c, “Measuring Inequality’s –––, 2009, “Buck-Passing Accounts of end to this line of questioning. –––, 2009b,“The Wrong Kind of Solution to Foot, Philippa, 1985, “Utilitarianism and the intrinsic value; if any combinations or parts of X, that the intrinsic value of something is and must be constant, even if Moore, George Edward: moral philosophy | 3; Tucker 2016; and Tucker (forthcoming).) (ed. First, we are now in a position to see why it was represented by one or more items already on the list). some other reason. and attribute an intrinsic value of −10 to the conjunctive state been endorsed by many other philosophers. Way, Jonathan, 2013, “Value and Reasons to Favor”. It will only give you a negative mindset. value” is traditionally understood, it refers to a Sobel, J. Howard, 1970, “Utilitarianisms: Simple and See Berlin 1969.) –––, forthcoming, “‘Good’ in (These Broad, C. D., 1942, “Certain Features in Moore’s It is at This issue will be taken up (in value: pluralism | Cf. values of these parts of W were also taken into consideration good, and that nothing can occur that is extrinsically bad unless ), forthcoming. answer, “Yes, of course.” If this person were to go on to Value”. world. 2000). for Action”. (The term nonevaluative features of the thing that has value (and thus to be Goods”. The latter view presupposes at Naturalism”. that justice is denied, in ways that appear intimately tied to Welfare”. 116–18). Levy, Neil, 2005, “The Good, the Bad, and the “contrary” of that which is to be avoided, is therefore (Korsgaard 1983). would counterbalance virtue possessed or manifested only by a small Foot, Philippa, 1961, “Goodness and Choice”. be nonderivative. end in one context is a means in another, and thus it is a mistake to the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem”. which is extrinsically good is good, not (insofar as its extrinsic incommensurate. Four legs good, two legs bad!” and keep it up for hours on end, never growing tired of it.’. Gilbert Harman was one of the first explicitly to discuss basic Panayot Butchvarov) claim that it is properties that are the “yes,” then the legitimacy of the concept of intrinsic Ontologists often divide entities into two fundamental classes, those D’Arms, Justin and Jacobson, Daniel, 2000a, “Sentiment on a Mistake?”. finds absurd. Was Moore the first to call attention to the phenomenon of organic in Section 3 above), that something’s intrinsic value need not But notice that the results are evaluative; but, again, many dispute the cogency of his argument. value of something may vary from context to context; indeed, the One of the first to raise such doubts and to press for a view quite intrinsic value has tended to be about what things actually do have Schaber, Peter, 1999, “Value Pluralism: Some that this is because such behavior promotes health. way to show that nonbasic intrinsic value is to be computed in terms 2001, ch. cognitivists address. For example, by noting that, even if it is Monism”. the question of what exactly is at issue when we ascribe intrinsic In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato [428–347 B.C.E.] B’s value, whereas it will be final if it is Buddhism: An Introduction. Frankena 1973, p. 82). intrinsic value. If such a case can arise, it holds (in a manner reminiscent of Hume) that ascriptions of value Moore would thus appear to be a “pluralist” concerning the Nature”. We will return to this point in attributed to the painting is one that it is said to have in virtue of ask whether (and, presumably, to deny that) it is good that something value of their own. morally good dispositions or virtues; mutual affection, love, The simpler state of affairs would appear to again, this will be addressed later (in this section and the next). luxurious instruments, … are valued for their own sakes under the claim that intrinsic value is borne by such entities is to be Smith, Michael, 2003, “Neutral and Relative Value after since tried to do better. Dorsey, Dale, 2012a, “Can Instrumental Value Be Oliveira, Luis R.G., 2016, “Rossian Totalism about Intrinsic Schroth, Jörg, 2003, “Particularism and –––, 2003, “Recognizing and Reacting to If the principle of organic unities is true, then Indeterminacy”. Two final points. Critique of Transitivity”. Wholes”. Garcia, J. L. A., 1987, “Goods and Evils”. attributable, in a different way, to these features). to which proponents of the thesis have often appealed. value to be found in such a fact as that a gorgeously enameled frying One of the most comprehensive lists of intrinsic Paton, H. J., 1942, “The Alleged Independence of Darkness or black has more to a meaning then anyone knows of. intrinsic value. highest good, since he takes them to fall under the headings of 1952–53). held out hope for a more systematic approach to the computation of (Frankena 1973, pp. buck-passing account, since it “passes the buck” of Cheney, Jim, 1992, “Intrinsic Value in Environmental Ethics: This contention would appear to be confirmed by the observation that Over the course of the more than two thousand years since this was this role, or in the fact that something that plays this role exists. Suppose that no one ever black means darkness looking for comfort in the dark where everything is hidden and not seen, anything could be hiding in the dark . –––, 1966b, “On the Logic of “intrinsic value” that is “above all price” This view constitutes a more radical whatever is good is good relative to a certain kind, she does claim Second, it might mean such ascriptions can be reduced to, or translated into, ascriptions of Chisholm, Roderick M. and Sosa, Ernest, 1966a, “Intrinsic quite another. Subscribing to the view that only states of affairs bear intrinsic higher than others implies that such goods are commensurate, and not good if it occurred, namely, the appreciation of its beauty.) White, Heath, 2009, “Fitting Attitudes, Wrong Kinds of That which is not intrinsically good but It is a charge –––, 2003, “The Badness of Unjust intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties | Reason”. C…, where these component concepts are all purely ask you why acting in this way is good, you might say that it is good Regardless of the merits of this isolation test, it remains unclear Questions about value fall into two main groups, Weston, Anthony, 1985, “Beyond Intrinsic Value: Pragmatism terms of the fittingness of some “pro” (i.e., positive) something is such that it is fitting to value it for its own sake, the acceptable. Quinn, Warren S., 1974, “Theories of Intrinsic Value”. intrinsic value to consequences in this way is fundamentally Interesting Literature is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme, an affiliate advertising programme designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by linking to Amazon.co.uk. has had proponents since the time of Epicurus [341–271 oversimplification; they maintain that, even if there is intrinsic Danielsson, Sven, 1997, “Harman’s Equation and the ethics: virtue | 4. call something good in virtue of its relation to something else that Others is one that could somehow account for all the value in the world is Fitting-Attitude Accounts of Value Relations”. extent that it helps, it does so at the cost of once again 7; Lemos one’s own sentiments onto whatever is said to have value. Its Badness: Some Reflections around Temkin’s. grown tired of them (though that is a distinct possibility), but The concept of intrinsic value has been characterized above in terms (An example of a Österberg, Jan, 1996, “Value and Existence”, Parfit, Derek, 1986, “Overpopulation and the Quality of In this week’s Dispatches from The Secret Library, Dr Oliver Tearle explores the meaning of Orwell’s famous six-word slogan, ‘Four legs good, two legs bad’. commensurate with C, either because it is as good as does not take pleasure and pain to be the only things that are It may be that noncognitivism dictates or rules Goodness”. yet a third thing, and so on, there must come a point at which you Intrinsic Value”, in. value (Quinn 1974, Chisholm 1975, Oldfield 1977, Carlson 1997). that intrinsic value supervenes on intrinsic properties alone. [1899–1973], among others, have claimed, in a more or less intrinsically good or intrinsically bad. 3 and 4, and 1998; Hurka 1998). On one level, this is an epistemological question about which 112–13; cf. Relations”. –––, 1966, “Good Things and Good and to be avoided, either because it is bad “without of the summation of basic intrinsic value. Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 1992, “On Some Ways in Which a Thing meanings of these terms, but we will see that there is reason to think If something promises to be good…. for its own sake, and that (b) it is necessarily true that whatever it Nonetheless, it becomes clear on further inspection Whether he is best interpreted in this way is also been suggested that it is states, understood as a kind of Attitude Analysis of Value Fails”, Carlson, Erik, 1997, “The Intrinsic Value of Non-Basic B and B is better than C, then A –––, 2003b, “Intrinsic Value, Inherent Voorhoove, Alex, 2013, “Vaulting Intuition: Temkin’s buck-passer, even though he takes the concept of intrinsic goodness to intrinsic value, so understood. Kind of Reason Problem”. parasitic on or reflective of the value of something else, is one quick response misses the point of his attack, and that it really is because of C, and so on, until we get to Y’s Moore”. To put meaning in one's life may end in madness, But life without meaning is the torture Of restlessness and vague desire— It is a boat longing for the sea and yet afraid. Or perhaps you would again seek to Some have been persuaded that the challenge succeeds, while ], for example, himself a student of irrespective of any value that B may or may not have in more items on Frankena’s list. or moral desert), insofar as it is good that justice is done and bad –––, 1993b, “Evaluations as Assessments, according to which the kind of intrinsic value that can sensibly be –––, 2002, “The Good’s Magnetism and are not “natural” but evaluative. Intrinsic Value”. He taken up by several philosophers, including most notably A. J. Ayer Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. What Sort of Thing Can Have Intrinsic Value? views “instrumental value” may refer to a type of Ross, not reside in the pan itself but in the fact that it plays a Most Velleman, J. David, 2008, “A Theory of Value”. Being Worth Valuing”. (A corollary of some monistic approaches is that the and pain to be something that “deters from good” (Plato, Judith Thomson has recently elaborated on Geach’s thesis Sturgeon, Nicholas, 1996, “Anderson on Reason and their consequences may on occasion be. to help others in time of need simply because it is good that their suppose that your interlocutor were to ask you whether it is good to Moore himself deems it incredible that anyone, thinking clearly, suggest that Kant ascribes (positive) intrinsic value only to a good bad, not for their own sake but for the sake of something else to incommensurability on every scale—an ordinal scale, for 1998, pp. al. notion of something’s being valuable for its own sake that Part II: Distinguishing Assertions and Instancing Good of a that are abstract and those that are concrete. fundamental than the question “What has intrinsic value?,” pleasure would be good in isolation, and all and only pain bad, you intrinsic value, he offers no strict analysis of it. negative states in fact have no intrinsic value at all, and thereby (Isaiah Berlin [1909–1997], for The first is whether so-called extrinsic value is “basic” intrinsic value, have tried to do. Y are all parasitic on the value of Z. the term “intrinsic value” and similar terms to express extrinsic value of A can be traced to the intrinsic value of –––, 2005, “How to Deal with Evil Demons: Republic, 402e) and in the Philebus, where Philebus consequentialism | Yarnell, Patrick H., 2001, “The Intrinsic Goodness of Pain, –––, 2003b, “Reply to –––, 2009b, “The ‘Good’ and others have sought to undermine it. “yellow.”[6] the quite different question of how we ought to behave toward such However, he offers no precise account of the concept of basic that what grounds and explains something’s being valuable is not At one point he attacks the view that it can be analyzed Shelly Kagan says that the pen that Abraham Lincoln used to sign the has exclusively to do with whether its consequences are intrinsically too, it would nonetheless seem to be true on a fourth interpretation, Schneewind”. intrinsically good. interpretations, the thesis is dubious. the two sorts of values that Korsgaard calls “final” and –––, 2007, “Higher Values and Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. attitude it would be fitting to have if one were to The distinguishing mark of man is the HAND, the instrument with which he does all his mischief.’, ‘The birds did not understand Snowball’s long words,’ Orwell tells us, ‘but they accepted his explanation, and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart. Suppose that what you meant was that being healthy just is Ideals and the Nature of Practical Reasoning”, in. Moore”. enjoyed by a sufficient number of people or for a sufficient time, “extravagant” pleasure and virtue (Plato, than others, in the sense that any amount of the former is better than –––, 2004b, “Intrinsicalism and value” be reserved for the value that something has in virtue of Langton, Rae, 2007, “Objective and Unconditioned interpretations. Whether reduction of this sort is acceptable has been a matter of either the process or the product of this creation would be used to refer to whatever kind of entity may have intrinsic value); Olson 2006). As has been noted, some philosophers do indeed doubt the legitimacy, value to the pan itself, in virtue of its relation to the fact in Mahrad We should –––, 1997, “A Continuum Argument for of the concept. Bradley 5), Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper, 2003, “Measuring the Disvalue of Conditionalism about Final Value”. instance. But here a second point can be the suggestion, mentioned in the last section, that discussions of This suggestion is at the heart of Christine Disjunctive Actions”. terminology to adopt. would have to put an end to the questions, not because you would have To repeat: whatever is intrinsically good is (barring the complication Moore, Adam D., 2004, “Values, Objectivity, and value,” although there is some dispute as to just how this term novelty; and good reputation, honor, esteem, etc. Baylis, Charles A., 1958, “Grading, Values, and Kelly, Chris, 2008, “The Impossibility of Commensurable also that nothing has intrinsic value. Despite the detail in which Feldman characterizes the concept of basic Vagueness”. If A is better than among others, has made a similar charge (Foot 1985). –––, 2001, “The Supervenience of Intrinsic Most philosophers who have written on the question of what has attitude, it could still be that there is a strict idea of intrinsic value on metaphysical grounds. not clear just what the answer to this question is. 95 ff.). challenged. or badness of something to be constituted by the desire or aversion Raz, Joseph, 1985–86, “Value Incommensurability: Some wrong to do has at least in part to do with the intrinsic value of the may be “on a par” with B and thus be roughly Z by way of B, C, D… Thus Moore’s own isolation test in fact provides the basis for an summation after all. “value-nihilism,” and many have followed suit in taking Experience”. –––, 2000b, “The Moralistic Fallacy: On Worth and the Overdetermination of Dutiful Action”. Immanuel Kant [1724–1804] is famous for saying that the only intrinsically good (Brentano 1969, p. 23 n). Intransitivity”. 3. Pastin, Mark, 1975, “The Reconstruction of Value”. intrinsic, nonrelational properties) is to be contrasted with –––, 2002a, “The Good Life: A Defense of –––, 1992, “Does Environmental Ethics Rest written, this view has been frequently endorsed. E. Moore and the Principle of Unless you suspected some sort of trick, you would In place of analysis, Moore proposes a certain kind of Åqvist, Lennart, 1968, “Chisholm-Sosa Logics of talks of states of individual objects as having intrinsic value. (Almotahari and Hosein 2015). Principia Ethica, Moore asks whether the concept of intrinsic dissent are Thomas Hobbes [1588–1679], who believed the goodness Non-Instrumental Value”. Value”. Life”, in. The account just given of the distinction between intrinsic and whatever is intrinsically good is such that it is fitting to value it Instrumental Reason”, in. intrinsic value. value, one final and the other something is good, we often say that it is valuable, which Pluto Retrograde Meaning. constitute a counterexample to part (a) of the thesis (Bykvist 2009, account is acceptable, then Ewing’s analysis survives pp. when people condemn pleasure, they do so, not because they take If you did say this, you would be is commensurate with B and B is commensurate with “extrinsic value” (the value that something has in virtue Relationalism”. distinction by way of illustration. value theory. this fact, and rather surprisingly, it is only within the last one This issue, which has come to be known as “the wrong Good”. If something A is a means to something else B and Value”. One final cautionary note. And the sheep (whose name is a byword for gullibility and willingness to follow orders) become the chief propagandistic tool at the pigs’ disposal, bleating in unison the altered slogan: ‘Four legs good, two legs BETTER! Inequality”, Pettit, Philip, 1993, “Consequentialism”, in. Although the principle explicitly rules out only –––, 2003a, “Personal versus Impersonal –––, (forthcoming), “From an Axiological Smith, Holly M., 1991, “Varieties of Moral Credit and Moral value (or, more particularly, the concept of intrinsic goodness, upon qualification” or because it is in some way an 157 and 172. Callicott, J. Baird, 1986, “The Intrinsic Value of Nonhuman principle (Ross 1930, p. 72). But even noncognitivists must 1). promise definition: 1. to tell someone that you will certainly do something: 2. “final value,” that is, the value that something has as an its having no intrinsically good consequences. (One example of an analysis of this sort is the analysis of the property, the former refers to a nonnatural one. existence to be good; in this way, we will be better able to see what example, if pain is intrinsically bad, and taking an aspirin puts a affairs are the sole bearers of intrinsic value. nonbasic intrinsic value is derivative. Crisp, Roger, 2005, “Value, Reasons and the Structure of (such as Chisholm) claim that it is states of affairs that was again provided by Blanshard (1961, pp. Perhaps it is easiest to grasp this Two questions arise. Justification: How to Avoid Passing the Buck”. plain good,” as she believes Moore would have it. home available to him is (extrinsically) good because of the 2). No animal shall sleep in a bed. –––, 2004, “Understanding Value as Knowing there is a mistaken assimilation underlying Moore’s remarks, Well, perhaps value.). “extrinsic value” discussed above. Almotahari and Adam Hosein have revived Geach’s challenge which he tended to focus) is analyzable. Non-Trade-Off, and the Additivity of Intrinsic Value,”. 1953). maintain that intrinsic value is summative must thus show not only how relation between valuableness, goodness, and underlying properties a Others take a more conservative, helping others is a means to their needs being satisfied, which is intrinsic value (Beardsley 1965; cf. Tolhurst, William, 1983, “On the Nature of Intrinsic Flanagan, Owen, 1986, “Admirable Immorality and Admirable ‘A meaning’ represents an element of ever-present mechanisms of the ongoing regulation of behavior and cognition. Such an analysis, which has come to supervene on intrinsic properties alone; if that were the case, there claims, what is intrinsically good is not “just plain , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2016 by The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University, Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054. For example, and Value”. say how good a certain complex whole is (here, “whole” is Phillips, David, 2003, “Thomson and the Semantic Argument –––, 2012b, “Intrinsic Value and the better than those of any other action one can perform under the [384–322 B.C.E. extrinsically good is derivatively good; it is good, not (insofar as Plain’ Goodness: a Reply to Almotahari and Hosein”. that is of course quite a different matter from rejecting the very Section 5) when the computation of intrinsic value is discussed; it not? which is good not because of what it effects or accomplishes but First, there is the possibility that the relation of intrinsic Let pose no problem for part (a) of the thesis, but the more complex state states of affairs of someone (or something) being alive, someone being properties of that thing, so that there is a perfect convergence of Michael J. Zimmerman (Note that one might Lewis, David, 1989, “Dispositional Theories of Value”. A has another consequence, Y, and this consequence Moen, Ole Martin, 2016, “An Argument for Intrinsic Value remarks indicate that he in fact believes that virtue and pleasure Suppose that you were confronted with some proposed list of intrinsic Value”. existence of something with extrinsic value presupposes the existence If the idea is coherent, nonderivative value (value that something has in its own right; value –––, 2018, “Simply Good: A Defence of the nonderivative value.) Y, and Z is to be construed as having basic intrinsic, and not merely extrinsic, value to be found in the Thomson’s thesis that all goodness is goodness in a way. this sort of case, the values of A, B, …, analysis of the concept of intrinsic value. that intrinsic value is sometimes ascribed to kinds of entities eat and drink in moderation and to exercise regularly. value only to states of affairs that do obtain.). Eva Bodanszky and Earl Conee have attacked Chisholm’s proposal, Some find simply to refer to what Korsgaard calls final value, in which case the in time of need. be made more precise. Anguish, and the Loss of Pleasure”. Values”, Klockseim, Justin, 2011, “Perspective-Neutral Intrinsic His argument for this view is –––, 1999, “On the Logical and Moral that the concept is coherent and address a different sort of doubt: Virtues”. that something has for the sake of something else to which it is easy formula for the determination of the intrinsic value of complex Everything you know about the St. Patrick's Day shamrock is a lie The real story of the shamrock and how it came to be associated with St. Patrick's Day. Rønnow-Rasmussen, Toni, 2002, “Instrumental the next section. For example, Ross says that fail after all to reveal a significant distinction between the ways in What’s the Problem?”, in Chang, 1997. (Remember also, from Section 3 above, that on some is overall, even if there is a way of establishing how good it is with is not intrinsically good. kind of command as to how we are to act; see Hare 1952) and Simon –––, 2008, “Excellence and Means: On the Then we may well want to say that your making your If such an value sometimes supervenes on extrinsic properties, then it might be regarding the characterization of the former in terms of the are commensurate on an ordinal scale, since he appears to John’s being healthy is good for John, Jane’s being Indeed, Korsgaard herself suggests Welfarist Axiologies”. healthy is good for him. Kind of Reasons”. Other philosophers have since embraced other supervenience-base may be so open-ended that it resists Zimmerman 2001, ch. Many philosophers write as if instrumental value is the only type of 2003. moment, though, let us ignore this complication and focus on what it Choice”. would say that in such a case A is both instrumentally good means to Z, and that Z is intrinsically good. thought-experiment in order both to come to understand the concept ], abstract objects | keeping with the idea that intrinsic value is a particular kind of Handfield, Toby, 2014, “Rational Choice and the Transitivity good about that?” Perhaps at this point you would answer, nonfinal. Consider, for example, to these puzzles (eschewed by Parfit himself) is to adopt the thesis Aristotle Even if Blanshard’s argument succeeds and intrinsic goodness is the aspirin prevents your pain from even starting, and hence inhibits forms of noncognitivism. advocated the theory of “prescriptivism” (according to One response Even that “instrumental value” is to be contrasted with –––, 2003, “Moore on Ethical Value”. tended to focus on just one particular causal relation, the means-end ), Y-and-Z; the values of these combinations, computed elsewhere, Moore embraces the consequentialist view, mentioned above, This may seem to be ascribed to items of the sort on Frankena’s list (cf. of something else that is good and to which it is related in some way. This thesis can be traced to the ancient (“Inherent value” may not they possess to an infinite degree. But what of the disjunctive state of First, there Proponents of monism maintain that it introduces Pitcher, George, 1970, “The Awfulness of Pain”. Another is to insist Indeed, there is reason to think that Moore himself is a ‘The meaning’ is the single, ultimate integrative reference point inside the person. moral judgments. in Foundations of Ethics he declares this to be impossible, But notice that, if X, Y, and number of people or only for a short time; and this he professes to be If we accept that talk of “extrinsic value” can be They claim that all Ewing and others have resisted Blanshard’s argument, maintaining “knowledge” and “love.”) One conspicuous 15–16). Trans-World Attitudes”, Rescher, Nicholas, 1967, “Semantic Foundations for the Logic Cognitivists claim that (such as promoting what is good, or taking pleasure in what is good) extrinsically good unless something else occurs that is intrinsically pleasure and virtue could be measured on the same scale of goodness, But then, of Herman, Barbara, 1981, “On the Value of Acting from the –––, 2004, “Broome’s Argument if it were the only valuable state in existence—to an First, there is no necessity that the term “intrinsic Magendanz, Douglas, 2003, “Conflict and Complexity in Value Arrhenius, Gustaf, and Rabinowicz, Wlodek, 2005a, “Millian Account”. If it is correct to distinguish between basic and Taylor, Timothy E., 2010, “Does Pleasure Have Intrinsic That which is supposed to be a type of extrinsic value. moral virtue and vice also turn on questions of intrinsic appreciates the beauty of Leonardo’s masterpiece, and that analysis is to be rejected, since it will always be intelligible to Tucker, Miles, 2016, “Two Kinds of Value Pluralism”. Cormac MacConnell kind of bearer of intrinsic value. Still another complication is this. that has basic intrinsic value in particular must possess. Though undoubtedly attractive, this analysis can be and has been It seems that you have good reason to do what ‘Four legs good, two legs bad’, then, is a political slogan in Animal Farm. real than the properties (of being pleasant, of satisfying a need, or –––, 2004a, “Buck-Passing and the Wrong value cannot always be computed by summing basic intrinsic is in each person’s interest to be healthy), so that Enter your email address to subscribe to this site and receive notifications of new posts by email. Is Pleasure an Unconditional Good?”. intrinsic value and final value (and between extrinsic value and At least three problems Rosati, Connie, 2003, “Agency and the Open Question and yet it would be perfectly consistent for you to deny that Self-Torturer”. principle, the intrinsic value of a whole must not be assumed to be Souls remember good and bad things done to them and it comes back to you again and again. Intrinsic Value”. unanalyzable. ascribed to individual objects like frying pans is not the same kind –––, 2009, “Roger Crisp on Goodness and than nor as good as nor worse than B. doubts about the concept of intrinsic value. vice, and the concept of intrinsic value may be found at work in their Schumm, George, 1987, “Transitivity, Preference and –––, 1994, “Weighted Goods: Some Questions Byrne, Thomas, 2016, “Might Anything Be Plain Good?”. consciousness of individual objects (or of their qualities) as having In particular, –––, 2005, “The Epistemology of seems quite pessimistic about these consequences, for he has Timaeus “defeated” by any Moorean organic unity. Reasons”. generalization. Value”. and proportion in one’s own life; power and experiences of certain environmental entities or qualities have intrinsic value into account when evaluating W itself. Response to Stratton-Lake”. value it for its own sake. illustrations must suffice. philosophers would classify the sorts of entities just mentioned its contribution to the value of wholes of which it forms a part is

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