Las Portillas fumarole, formerly just NW of the dome, was larger after the collapse, and a line of new vents had opened nearby. Two non-technical books discussed the 14 January 1993 Galeras eruptions that killed six scientists and three tourists (Bruce, 2001; Williams and Montaigne, 2001). Strong degassing occurred in several sectors of the active cone and around the lava dome. The frequency of seismic activity remained steady during July, but the amount of energy released increased significantly. December 2012-March 2013 seismicity and plume activity. The larger September record consisted of 179 volcano-tectonic events, 291 long-period events, 258 hybrid events, and 96 tremor episodes. Some small-magnitude earthquakes were located NNE of the crater at a depth of 3-8 km; this source has remained active since the last swarm of screw-type signals between November and December 1993. Most of the ash emissions during March 2013 were deposited on the upper NW flank. Plume height was maintained below 1.9 km. Pulsating steam plumes rose from the crater and drifted NW. During most of October 2004, emissions of gas and fine ash continued at Galeras. For comparison, during May-June many stations yielded values in the range 750-1,200 pC/l. Deformation data did not indicate variations on the surface of the volcano. Although the seismic activity apparently decreased on 29 March, Galeras remained at Alert Level 2. Gas plumes drifted W and NW. Pulsating plumes of ash rose less than 800 m and deposited material primarily on the upper NW flank. After explosive eruptions in May 1989, the SO2 flux in 1989-90 was huge (up to 5,000-10,000 t/d). Ash was deposited in the sectors of Consacá (~ 15 km W of the volcano) and La Florida, and in the city of Pasto (~ 10 km E). Deformation [at Peladitos Station] fluctuated, but suggested slight inflation during the second half of the month (8 µrad in both components). The vent was ~2 m in diameter and vigorously emitted gas with temperatures >470°C on 22 July. Analyses of gas samples from fumaroles in the N and SW sectors of the cone indicated a increase in the concentration of CO2, and a corresponding increase in SO2. Plumes rose to less than 1 km above the summit and ash was deposited at the highest elevations, primarily within the N and W sectors. Table 8. In September 2006, INGEOMINAS recorded continuing low-level minor earthquakes, M 1.4, corresponding to the movement of fluids at depths between 4 and 8 km and low SO2 fluxes. Although seismicity oscillated in February, it has remained stable since the increased activity associated with dome growth in October-November. One zone was a shallow (under1 km) area focused on the crater in the SE sector. Information Contacts: M. Calvache, INGEOMINAS, Pasto. Mentioned in the latter report are more details on a large volcanic bomb from the 17 January 2008 eruption, which left a 15-m-diameter crater near the summit (BGVN 33:03). The plumes rose to altitudes less than ~ 6 km. On 21 November, INGEOMINAS lowered the Alert Level to II (Orange; "probable eruption in term of days or weeks"). Fissures and loose material made the crater wall appear gravitationally unstable. B) Profiles extracted from interferograms and DEM across Galeras. The SGC monitored sulfur dioxide gas emissions with a MobileDOAS and three ScanDOAS instruments. After the tremor, a small swarm of short-duration long-period events occurred, which in the past have been associated with gas emission. Tremor was recorded in low-frequency bands and modulated packs, with small variations in amplitude and period. Fragments of various sizes were ejected ballistically. . The houses were seriously affected and INGEOMINAS reported that some were ". As of late April, a dense water-rich gas plume continued to rise 1-2 km above the crater and low-level seismicity persisted, but no deformation was evident. The amplitude of minor background tremor varied at some seismic stations after 13 September with a dominant peak at 3.4 Hz. INGEOMINAS, Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería, 2011c, Pasto Observatory Work Group: Monthly Report on Galeras and the Volcanoes of Doña Juana, Cumbal, and Azufral, April 2011 (URL: http://intranet.ingeominas.gov.co/pasto/images/8/8b/Boletin_mensual_de_actividad_de_los_volcanes_del_sur_abril_2011.pdf). The Alert Level was raised to II (Orange; "probable eruption in term of days or weeks"). On 23 August a M 4.6 earthquake struck E of Galeras at a depth of 2 km. During 2008, MODVOLC registered several thermal alerts on Galeras's summit to NE sides (table 10). Galeras remained at Alert Level 2 (likely eruption in days or weeks). Seidl, D., Calvache, M., Bannert, D., Buttkus, B., Faber, E., Greinwald, S., Hellweg, M., and Rademacher, H., 1998, The Galeras multiparameter-station: Deutsche Geophys. Previous VT events at times have preceded seismic sequences, such as those during November-December 1993 and March 1995, as well as a small seismic sequence in July 1997. and other adjacent towns (figures 73 and 76), settlements with houses that were for the most part single-level and of rudimentary adobe construction. Galeras remained at Alert Level 3 ("changes in the behavior of volcanic activity have been noted") through February 2006. Prior to dome emplacement during October-November 1991 the crater was ~ 150 m deep; after dome growth in 1991-92, the crater was ~80 m deep. Ash was deposited in Sandoná (15 km NW), and Ancuya, Linares, and Sotomayor (40 km NW). During 30 March-5 April, SO2 gas values were between 50 and 2,000 tons per day, the latter value considered high for Galeras. This activity was similar to that in April and November 1993 (BGVN 18:04 and 18:11), when there were swarms of ~500 earthquakes from a source NNE of the volcano. On 20 March, because of decreased seismicity, low gas emissions, and no indication of changes below the surface of the dome, the Alert Level shifted towards less severe, from 2 to 3 (to "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity have been noted"). Galeras, Colombia. Over this period 92 volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes were located; of these, 53 were in the area called the North Source (dashed box in figure 88). A significant increase in high-frequency seismicity was recorded during the second half of April, including swarms of events on the 18th and 29th. INGEOMINAS reported eight tornillo-type seismic events between 16-18 January, similar to those observed before previous eruptions, followed by low-to-moderate SO2 emissions beginning on 19 January and continuing low through at least 26 January. By the 23rd, a small fumarole within the main crater had rapidly grown to a 30-m-wide vent that ejected lithic ash. On 11 November, INGEOMINAS reported that during the previous week pulsating white plumes, occasionally tinged gray, rose from Galeras to altitudes of 4.5-5.7 km (14,800-18,700 ft) a.s.l. In addition, seismic instruments detected very shallow low-energy hybrid signals, similar to ones recorded during 1991-1993 when dome emplacement occurred on the main crater's floor. After the 7th, A-type events dropped to 0-5/day, while B-types increased to 60-70/day. On 25 February, a five-person team from the Observatorio Vulcanológico de Colombia installed a deformation network and three seismometers (two of them telemetering) in addition to one WWSSN station already present at the E foot of the volcano. Thanks for rating! The maximum value, considered relatively high for Galeras, was 1,475 tons/day and recorded on 29 September 2013. Seismic swarms frequently occurred in the months of December (more than 100 earthquakes), January, and March. Ash-bearing emissions were reported on 13, 14, 17, 26 (figure 132), 27, and 30 May. The inclinometer to the SW of the active crater continued showing deformation indicating deeper volcanic activity. Bad weather prevented direct observations, but the Washington VAAC noted a plume rising to an altitude of ~ 12.3 km drifting NW. Their frequency spectra showed peaks between 10 and 16 Hz. The electronic tiltmeter [at Crater Station] became saturated, after recording 231 µrad of inflation during the first 2 weeks of August. These events occurred around the volcano at depths of <3 km. Gas and ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 4.4 km (14,400 ft) a.s.l. On 24 March, INGEOMINAS lowered the Alert Level for Galeras to III (Yellow; "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity"). A N-S trending fracture, named Novedad, now breaches the S crater rim. INGEOMINAS reported that Galeras remained at a critical state during April and May 2006, with a partially solidified lava dome in the main crater. Low-level activity persisted in November and December 1997. Low-level seismicity, gas emission, and deformation. Partial collapse of the crater rim and blocks 10-20 cm in size were noted on the N side of the cone. Continued fumarolic activity and low SO2 values; new type of seismicity. The most recent phreatic eruption before 16 July 2004 took place on 7 June 2002 (BGVN 28:02). Multiple gas-and-ash plumes rose 500 m above the crater on 25 and 27 October. SO2 emissions measured on 15 and 22 March by COSPEC were at low-moderate levels, ranging from 630 to 1,380 t/d. During this reporting period, seismicity from Galeras was typically dominated by tremor (table 13). on 12 January. The San Juan 1 station (10 km NE of the active cone) and Sismo 5 station (7 km N of the active cone) detected higher values of 6,754 pCi/l and 5,455 pCi/l, res. Analyses of gas samples from Deformes and Besolima fissure fumaroles suggest an increasingly magmatic composition. During 9-15 May, there were small gas and sporadic ash emissions. In the city of Pasto the constructions most affected were the antiquated structures . Deformation detected by the Cráter station suggested three unique episodes where radial tilt was increasing, stabilized, and decreased. Zapata G., J.A., 1992, Visita al crater del volcan Galeras: INGEOMINAS Internal Report, 30 November 1992, 2 p. Goff, F., McMurtry, G.M., Adams, A.I., and Roldán-M., A., 1993, Stable isotopes and tritium of magmatic water at Galeras volcano, Colombia: EOS, Trans. Galeras was chosen for observation because of its proximity of the city of Pasto and because it has erupted several times over recent centuries, most recently in 2009–2010. Although ash emission declined in May, fumarolic activity and seismicity have generally remained elevated. The swarm was preceded by intervals with LP events and spasmodic tremor at somewhat lower frequencies.. Due to an increase in tremor at Galeras beginning on the morning of 28 March, INGEOMINAS raised the Alert Level from 3 ("changes in the behavior of volcanic activity have been noted") to 2 ("likely eruption in days or weeks"). During the week ending around 24 March, daily SO2 levels were high. Blocks 30-40 cm in diameter fell as much as 2.3 km away; some to 1 m in diameter reached 1.3 km distance, falling on a road where they made impact craters 3 m across and 1 m deep; fragments 3.5 m across were found 400 m from the crater rim; and on the E edge of the caldera, 169 projectiles were counted in an area ~10 m wide and 1,000 m long. to see how far two cities are from each other. You can also During September 2004, tremor associated with ash-and-gas emissions was recorded at Galeras. At least 67 aftershocks were felt; the last, at 0804 on 29 March, was M 2.1. Seismicity remained at high levels through December, and began to decline in early January. Sometimes these events were preceded by one or more small-amplitude precursor signals, which appeared to have very similar waveforms. Galeras remained at Alert Level 3 (changes in the behavior of volcanic activity have been noted). | December These events are called "screws" because of the similarity on a seismograph record to the profile of a screw with a fine thread. A new fumarolic area (number 5) had developed on the W flank of the central cone, associated with radial and tangential fractures. Background tremor was variable. Epicenters were W of the crater. Ash-bearing emissions were reported on at least 16 days during July with reports of ashfall in Maragato, Chorillo (18 km W) and Genoy. Field observations on 19 July disclosed fresh ash on Galeras (figure 105). Activity around 1100 was accompanied by pulses of 4-5-Hz tremor and some long-period events. According to INGEOMINAS, at 1823 on 4 March a M 4.7-4.8 earthquake struck Galeras's NE flank (figure 73). INGEOMINAS issued a report at 1000 on 17 January, noting that the seismic pattern from Galeras observed during the previous 24 hours was similar to patterns noted before past eruptions. A M 2.6 long-period event also occurred on 17 July, centered within the E part of the volcano at depths greater than the "screw-type" or "butterfly-type" events. Information Contacts: INGEOMINAS-OVP; J. Stix, Univ de Montréal. Observers reported that an ash plume drifted NW and ash fell in areas up to 35 km downwind. 16 July explosion. Sulfur dioxide emissions were low. High-frequency earthquakes were centered around the active crater at 3.3-6.8 km depth. A source at 4-10 km depth generated 30 events with M <= 1.6 (figure 81). Residents in the city of San Juan de Pasto, just to the E, reported the foul odor of sulfur gases, mainly H2S. . Since the beginning of July, the CO2 sensor at La Joya fumarole showed a gradual decrease in values, and the temperatures at La Joya and Chavas fumaroles increased gradually just two days before the emission. Table 12. Electronic tiltmeter variations in June at the Peladitos station were 2.4 µrad in the tangential component and 7.8 µrad in the radial component. Eruption of 30 September 2009. About 2 km away from the main crater, military personnel saw blocks 1.5 m in diameter on a highway. Additional spot measurements [relied upon] visual inspection from the ground or helicopter, a thermal camera[,] and regular geological forays onto Galeras' slopes.". 16 July explosion. Table 6. On 23 January a visual inspection of the active cone from the police station revealed increased fumarolic activity in the W sector. INGEOMINAS reported that an eruption of Galeras on 7 June was preceded by a M 4 earthquake located about 3 km SSE of the crater at a depth of 2 km, and felt by nearby residents. Based on visual observations during clear weather, INGEOMINAS reported that steam-and-ash plumes from Galeras rose to a maximum altitude of 5.7 km (18,700 ft) a.s.l. This was ~ 40% of the lava dome's volume. According to INGEOMINAS, on 25 January an emerging seismic pattern from Galeras, characterized by "tornillo-type" earthquakes, was similar to patterns detected before past eruptions. At least six major eruptions have been identified during the past 4,500 years, last in 1886. Here we discuss the continuing efforts to monitor Galeras from June 2011 through April 2012. This kind of hazard has unfortunately not been appreciated, and is very difficult to predict at Galeras with the current monitoring configuration because there are so few changes prior to such an eruption.". Magnitude 2.7 and 2.8 events occurred at the E focus on 11 and 12 September, respectively. The frequencies were stable over time and from one station to another, indicating processes related to the source rather than to the path or the station site. Here you can see about 100 species of birds such as wrens, owls, eagles, and 16 varieties of hummingbirds. Information for this report was gathered primarily from monthly technical reports provided by the Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Pasto (OVSP) of the Sevicio Geologico Colombiano (SGC). Seismicity increased after the eruption but then gradually decreased. Long-period events associated with fluid movements, though few in number (14), were a new type of event detected in January. 2006: January Lava-dome growth began sometime between 19 September and 9 October 1991 (16:9-10). . Earthquake counts for four types of events: volcano-tectonic (VT), long-period (LP), tremor (TRE), and hybrid (HYB); events labeled "Unclassified" were described by SGC as earthquakes that did not correspond to the current categories. The Alert Level was lowered to II (Orange; "probable eruption in term of days or weeks"). The ash heading SW is estimated to FL240 [~ 7.3 km altitude]. The Alert Level remained at III (Yellow; "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity"). Lapilli <15 mm in diameter were observed up to 6 km NE of the crater (figure 68). ." Overflights conducted by INGEOMINAS on 7 January 2011 collected multiple infrared and visible photopairs, one set of which appears as figure 113. Table 10. Additionally, 20 long-period events and 10 tremor episodes were recorded with an energy release of 5.38 x 1012 ergs. Galeras remained at Alert Level 2. During January, activity consisted primarily of rock-fracture events located at superficial levels and others at depths of <3 km around the active crater. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included. The next advisory noted that ash had ceased to be visible in the imagery after 0715 (1215 UTC) on 12 August 2004 (in other words, after the image associated with the graphic in figure 110). During the 10 hours following the eruption, 445 seismic events, both long-period and tremor, were recorded. Magnitudes varied between 0.4 and 1.7. Galeras has been an active volcano for at least a million years, with andesite as the dominant product. Seismicity remained at very high levels in November, with peaks in the number and intensity of long-period events on the 19th (figure 49). The Crater inclinometer showed deflation. Tornillo events had been rare in 2011 but were the cause for alarm in November 2011 when INGEOMINAS detected 18 events. A morning overflight on 29 July showed a light, gray to off-white colored plume again emerging from El Pinta and in this case described as blowing NNW, the prevailing direction of strong wind in this season of the year. The maximum amplitudes were obtained on the E-W components of the broadband stations whereas the minimal amplitudes were recorded on the vertical components of those stations. High-frequency seismicity was most significant during the first days of January, averaging 3 earthquakes/day, with magnitudes of 1.2-2.2. July degassing was concentrated on the W periphery of the active cone, with low concentrations of SO. The SO2 flux at the volcano varied between 490 and 1,500 t/d. Latitude and Longitude of las galeras. The petrographic characteristics of these shards was consistent with their having been erupted as fresh magmatic material.". Seismicity associated with the eruption reached M 3 and lasted for 123 seconds, saturating nearby stations (within 2 km) for the first 17 seconds. The amplitude and period of background tremor showed small variations on 15 and 30 June. Tilt data from [Crater Station] showed 6 µrad of deflation in November. On 9 February, INGEOMINAS lowered the Alert Level for Galeras to III (Yellow; "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity"). The LP events had frequencies less than 3 Hz. Gas emissions could be seen from the city of San Juan de Pasto on 2 and 4 October 2008 (figure 112). The Alert Level was raised to II (Orange; "probable eruption in term of days or weeks"). A summary of activity during that eruptive episode is provided below, along with additional information not previously reported. Seismicity increased on 12 December; earthquakes M 2.2 and less were detected within 2 km of the summit and at depths up to 3 km below the summit during 12-15 December. This report discusses behavior through mid-August 2006. Overflight observations from 12 and 13 July 2009 found reduced crater temperatures, including a decrease from 220 to 100°C in one small area. At these times the column had heights under 300 m, and emission were coming from the W sector of the volcano. They mentioned that there were ~250 aftershocks, and that over 50 houses were damaged or destroyed, many by seismically triggered mudslides. | December Tremor associated with surficial hydrothermal processes remained stable. INGEOMINAS reported that activity continued at Galeras during 7-13 December, with steam rising from the main crater and two craters to the N and SW (Paisita and Chavas, respectively). Cameras around Galeras recorded gas-and-ash plumes rising from the crater on 30 October and 1 November. On 19 and 21 May 2007, two earthquakes registered, M 3.0 and M 2.1 respectively. Elevated seismicity continued through June, primarily comprised of tremor and long-period (LP) events. INGEOMINAS reported values from ScanDOAS and MobileDOAS ranging from 41-1,455 tons/day; a total of 22 measurements with wind direction and velocity were taken between 1-30 June. Low seismicity during January and February was characterized by events NNE of the crater at depths of 2- 8 km. The highest value corresponded to the Sismo 2 station, located 5 km NE of the summit. Satellite imagery showed a faint ash plume emitted from Galeras on 29 July around 0745. A total of 16 measurements were recorded by ScanDOAS from one fixed station (Santa Bárbara station), flux ranged from 51-225 tons/day. Continuing low seismic activity during September-October 1997. INGEOMINAS reported that during 24-30 October cameras around Galeras recorded daily emissions, including pulsating ash emissions. Low seismicity and variable Radon-222 fluxes during March and April. Ash ejections declined in mid-May and had not resumed by early September. During 17-18 May, two M 2.9 earthquakes occurred 6 km SSE at depths of 2-3 km, and on 18 May one M 2.3 earthquake occurred at a depth of 3-5 km, 5 km SSW. The rock is highly crystalline (>50% crystals), containing abundant plagioclase, and lesser clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, titanomagnetite, and possible relict olivine. Screw-type events, characterized by a semi-monochromatic record with a slowly decaying coda associated with fluid movement, disappeared after 2 May. The Crater tiltmeter fluctuated in June due to electronic problems; no deformation was observed in July. At 0914 on 30 September, INGEOMINAS reported an explosive eruption prompting the rise in Alert Level to I (red; "imminent eruption or in progress"). Stationary COSPEC measurements of SO2 in June from five points around the volcano showed low levels of gases (18-176 t/d), similar to the measurements obtained using the mobile COSPEC (79-217 t/d). The SO2 flux obtained by the mobile COSPEC method showed fairly low values: 38-832 t/d. On 19 January, INGEOMINAS lowered the Alert Level to 2 ("likely eruption in days or weeks") because seismic events decreased in occurrence and energy. The Alert Level was increased from 2 (likely eruption in days to weeks) to 1 (eruption imminent or occurring). June 2011. 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